water wheels for ponds
Can anyone tell me the optimum pH. and water hardness for rapid growth of Nitrafying bacteria in a new …..?
…Nitrafying bacteria in a New fish tank?
I have been going for about a month but want to be certain of GOOD bacteria growth in my tank. I have alrady done my preliminaryies . I have kickstarted with an old filter added to my new tank from an already established tank. I also have some Bannana plans,java moss and java ferns…oh and some genus of the Anuibas species of plant. I am useing a 15 gal. tanl with a 20gal capacity Marineland bio-wheel filter, An air stone U.G.F., useing crushed granite and quartz substrate. A 28 watt “day light” fluorescent light( light cycle is 08:00>14:00 on and 16:00>20:00 on. the air cycle is 20:00>08:00 hrs there is also a good peice of seasoned drift wood in the tank. It currently houses % small ghost shrimp,6 small pond snails and 10-12 3 week old guppies. Everything seems to be fine but for how long right?. I am most concerned in setting up the tanks Nitrogen cycle bacteria groth as an insurity( guppies are “cull fish”), but if they live cool.
your optimum ph is going to be what it is going to be. It is best to stay with a stable PH and that is whatever your water supply says it is. PH will not effect rapid growth of bacteria. That will happen if the ph is low or high. A month should be fine for the cycling process to complete, however, you have added plants and fish.
Have you tested your water and if so, what were the results? Adding fish and plants to your tank will at first add to the biofilter.
Also, taking a filter from another tank will NOT cycle your tank. It holds very little usefull bacteria to enter your tank. The air stone as well is strickly decoration in the tank. It adds little to no Dissolved Oxygen which can only enter your tank in the form of movement, ie. filter, waves, waterfalls, powerheads etc. Sounds like a nice tank. If your guppies are still alive after a week, your tank is ready for additional fish. I will warn you, not to add too many at one time. 1-2 fish and/or plants a week apart. This allows your biofilter time to readjust to the change. Adding too many at once can overload it.
Here is more on PH and how it works in your tank:
The property of water to resist changes in pH is known as buffering capacity. You can determine the capacity of your buffering system by measuring total hardness. A reading of 4-6 dH or higher is usually adequate to keep the buffering system in place and maintain a stable pH. A reading under 4 dH means there isn’t enough of a buffering system and the pH is likely to drop. For higher pH levels, you will probably want to aim for 6-12 dH. Many hobbyists choose to measure only Carbonate Hardness (KH), which is a measure of the calcium carbonates in your water. This test is also effective in maintaining a proper buffer system. When testing for Carbonate Hardness, a reading of 75-100 mg/L is adequate for most aquariums, while a reading of 100-200 mg/L would be desired for higher pH levels. For the purpose of freshwater aquariums, measuring either total hardness or carbonate hardness is necessary, but measuring both independently would not be needed.
You need to know that anywhere in your aquarium where detritus (a fancy term for dirt) accumulates is a source of Phosphate production. As detritus accumulates in your gravel bed and on your filter pads, the Phosphate levels in your aquarium rise. Free Phosphate ions may bond with calcareous buffering material, precipitating calcium from your aquarium, and reducing your aquariums ability to keep pH stable. This is why it is so very important to clean your filter pads regularly and vacuum the aquarium gravel with each water change. In addition, your tap water contains buffering ions. Doing regular partial water changes will help to replenish the buffers which have been lost. This is important in all aquariums, because fish respiration and organic wastes alone will cause a gradual drop in the ability of your aquarium to buffer against pH swings.
Now the question becomes what to do if the fish you want to keep have very special pH requirements. If your fish prefer a pH level which is reasonably close to the pH your aquarium water is naturally buffered to, then I do not recommend you make any changes at all. Unless you are keeping an extremely specialized fish your fish will be fine. On the other hand, if your fish have pH requirements which are far from the values in your tank, then you have work to do.
Let us consider methods of raising the pH of your tap water. There are many additives on the market today which claim to raise your pH. Most of the liquid products on the market today are a 50/50 success at best when used alone only to find the ph will soon return to the normal level of 6. You also need to use a product to increase the buffering ability of your aquarium. To maintain a stable pH in the upper levels of the pH scale for fishkeeping, I would recommend using a buffering substrate such as crushed coral. You can add crushed coral to your existing aquarium. You can place larger amounts of shells or chrushed coral beneath the substraight in the tank. I personally place the crushed coral in a mesh bag and place the bag in my filter. You will want about 1 kg of crushed coral per 40 liters of water to buffer the water to hold a pH around 7.6. This method does not allow for the use of large quantities of crushed coral, but can be effective if you only need to make small adjustments to your aquariums buffering ability. This is why ocean items such as shells and ocean sand should not be used in a fresh water aquarium. It does raise the PH level.
Be assured that attempting to control pH is the most frustrating experience for a fish hobbyist. I would guess that 50% of the problems encountered in new aquariums are a result of the aquarist attempting to change the pH level. Few fish keepers actually need to adjust their pH. For the majority of aquarists your tap water pH will be adequate. The dangers of adjusting the pH incorrectly far outweigh any benefit you may receive by moving your pH a few points on the scale.
Remember, when it comes to adjusting your pH, less is more! Stability is most important. Routine maintenance is the key to keeping your pH stable and your fish healthy!
Also, do not use baking soda in your tank. Over doing the ph plus adding additional salt is not going to do your tank any good. It will also revert back to 6 when the carbon filters pull the Soda out.
Hope this helps
water wheels for ponds
Enjoying
Many home owners want to spruce up their yards & gardens with things like garden fountains, special imported rocks, & small water pools. Imagine you had a rough day at the office. Then imagine coming home from that long day at work & being able to relax next to the calm cool sounds of a miniature stream as it trickles through your garden & around the yard. Imagine the soothing noise of the trickling brook that hypnotizes you as all your days’ troubles wash away…Monday seems a million miles away & you know that it’s another world before it comes around…
It really can be nice to sit next to a pleasant fountain at night to relieve the stress that’s built up after a long day at work. There is something calming about hearing the relaxing bubbles of a fountain – it eases the nerves & it helps take your mind away from anything that’s happened throughout the day. And when a fountain is combined with a scenic garden, it can almost make you feel like you are in another universe.
Besides being relaxing to look at, having a nice garden & stream set up can really increase the value of your property. The right garden set up can tremendously increase the value real estate in many cases. In fact, a friend of mine in Florida invested $5000 to have a nice miniature garden & koi pond installed in her yard & she thinks it has added an extra $10,000 to the value of her property already! So, not only does she get to the benefit of enjoying her pond setup, she also gets the double benefit of increased equity in her home…a true 2 for one deal if ever there was one..!
Even the smallest miniature garden in a yard can really enhance the value of a piece of real estate…especially today with so many ‘cookie cutter’ homes for sale…every subdivision looks the same, every house in the subdivision appears to be the clone of another…in fact, it’s hard to make your home stand out from the crowd if it’s competing against other houses that are for sale & are unfortunately identical…having a nice ‘extra’ like an extra 1/4 acre of land or a miniature garden can make a world of difference…You can grease the wheels of commerce & profit handsomely if you can honestly offer something extra like a mini garden…
Finally, a garden fountain can really enhance the overall personal satisfaction that you get out of your house – sitting back and realizing that this relaxing scene is actually making you money can be an incredible feeling…Imagine how nice it would be to sit next to a the relaxing noises of a garden fountain bubbles and know that you’re making money in the process. “Trickle, trickle, ching, ching…”
In closing, remember to imagine the soothing sounds of water flowing & the rocks diverting the water throughout a mini network of ponds…that really sounds nice, doesn’t it? Investing in a garden fountain can make your home into a place you really enjoy & profit from…
About the Author
Click here
http://www.fountainers.com/
to read the latest reviews of
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.
Mathhhh. Functions question–d’Artagnan.?
d’Artagnan (of The Three Musketeers fame) is heavily involved in a sword fight with a few of the Cardinal’s henchmen at an old water-powered grist mill. To make his escape he boldy leaps through a upper floor window on to the top of the rotating waterwheel. Unfortunately for d’Artagnan, one of his heel spurs gets caught in the water wheel preventing him from leaping off to safety. The water wheel is roating at one revolution per minute and has a diameter of 8 meters. Due to flooding in the pond the bottom of the water wheel is submerged under 2 meters of water.
How long does d’Artagnan have before he enters the pond?
How far will he travel (arc length measured in meters) before her enters the pond?
How far will he travel (secant/chord length measured in meters) before he enters the pond?
How long will he have to hold his breath while under water?
Because the bottom of the wheel is 2 meters up the wheel, it touches the wheel 120 degrees from the top. That is 1/3 of the revolution. Because the wheel revolves at 1 r/min, 1/3 is 20 seconds.
The distance from the top to the water is 1/3 of the circumference. 1/3 of 8pi = 8.4 meters.
Using the Pythagorean Theory, the secant length from the top to the 120 degree arc can be found. Bisect the 120 angle and divide the base of the triangle. This gives a 30-60-90 with hypotenuse 4. Sin 60/b = sin 90/4. This gives the length of this base (b) = 4 sin 60 or 3.46. Double this gives the length of the secant:
7 meters
Lastly, the water covers 120 degrees of the wheel. As before, this will account for 20 seconds, depending on his height?
Grist Mills and Water Wheels from pond ESCAPES Inc.
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